Hadith Hadees e Nabvi S.A.W.W.

International child abduction international parental kidnapping

International child abduction term is generally synonymous with international parental kidnapping, child abduction and child stealing. However, the legal use more accurate international child abduction originates in private international law and refers to the illegal removal of children from their home by a friend or relative to a foreign country. In this context, "illegal" is usually taken to mean "in violation of the rights of custody" and "home" is defined as the habitual residence of the child. As implied by the "breach of rights of custody," the phenomenon of international child abduction usually involves illegal disposal that creates a jurisdictional conflict of laws by which multiple authorities and jurisdictions could possibly get custody decisions apparently reasonable and conflicting with geographically limited application. Such an outcome often strongly affects children's access and connection to half their family and may causes the loss of their ancient language, culture, name and nationality, which violates the rights of many children, and may child cause severe psychological and emotional trauma and his family left behind.
There is a misconception that because the kidnapper in these cases usually is no stranger to children are not in danger. The harmful consequences for children and families has been demonstrated in several studies and child abduction has been characterized as a form of alienation and child abuse by parents. Adding international dimensions to the harmful effects of abduction significantly increases the harmful effects on children and families. Ease of today international travel and increased international marriage corollary is leading to a rapid increase in the number of international abductions of children.

legal guardian corresponding duty

A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to take care of personal interests and property of another person, called room. Guardians are typically used in three situations: the guardianship of an incapacitated (due to old age or illness), the guardianship of a minor, and guardianship of adults with developmental disabilities.

Legal separation separate maintenance

Legal separation (sometimes "legal separation", "separate maintenance", "divorce mensa et thoro one" or "divorce from bed and board") is a legal process by which a married couple can formalize a separation in fact still being legally married. A legal separation is granted in the form of a court order.
Moreover, in cases where children, a court order for legal separation often makes temporary arrangements for the care, custody and financial support of the children ("for now") involved. Therefore, part of the court order determining custody of the child. Some couples get a legal separation as an alternative to divorce, based on religious or moral objections to divorce.
Legal separation does not automatically lead to divorce. The couple could reconcile, in which case they do not have to do anything to continue their marriage. If the two do not reconcile, and want to continue with divorce, divorce must apply explicitly.

Parental responsibility access and custody

In the nations of the European Union and elsewhere, parental responsibility refers to the rights and privileges that the relationship between a child and a parent of the child or adults who have a significant role in life is based of the child. The terminology for this area of law now includes matters dealt contact (visits in the United States) and residence (see Residence in English law) in some states.

Types of marriages

The types, functions and features of marriage vary from one culture to another and may change with time. In general, there are two types: civil marriage and religious marriage, marriages usually use a combination of both (often religious marriages must be licensed and recognized by the state and civil marriages on the contrary, though it is not sanctioned religious law are respected nonetheless). Marriages between people of different religions are called interfaith marriages, while civil conversion, a more controversial than interfaith marriage concept refers to the religious conversion of one partner to the other's religion for the sake of satisfying a requirement religious.

Family Law marriage law family issues domestic relations

Family Law (also called marriage law) is an area of law that deals with family issues and domestic relations including:

      marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships;
      adoption and surrogacy
      child abuse and abduction
      the termination of the relationship and ancillary matters, including divorce, annulment, property settlements, alimony, custody and visitation, child support and alimony awards.
      award of minors
      paternity tests and paternity fraud

This list is not exhaustive and varies depending on the jurisdiction. In many jurisdictions in the United States, the family courts see busiest records. Litigants representative of all social and economic classes are parties within the system.

Civil procedure

Civil procedure is the legal body that sets the rules and standards that courts continue to try civil lawsuits (as opposed to criminal proceedings). These rules govern how they may sue or case, what service of process (if any) required, the types of reports or allegations, motions or requests and commands allowed in civil cases, when and how depositions and discovery or revelation testing, the process for trial, several remedies available, and how the courts and employees should work.

Bachelor of Laws LLB

The Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Laws is an original college student or undergraduate law degree (or first professional degree in law, depending on the jurisdiction) of England and are offered in most common law jurisdictions. In English-speaking Canada is sometimes referred to as a postgraduate degree that the pre-university education is usually required for admission. The "LL". abbreviation of the title is the genitive plural legum (lex, law). Create an abbreviation of a plural, especially in America, often done by doubling the first letter (eg, "pp" of "pages"), so "LLB." represents Legum Baccalaureus in America. It is sometimes erroneously called "Bachelor of Legal Letters" to account for the double "L".The United States no longer offers the LL.B. although some universities introduced a Bachelor of Science in Legal Studies, including constitutional law, torts and criminal law within the curriculum. The Master of Science in Law or J.S.M. in international law taxation is also offered in some universities accredited by the American Bar Association. While the Bachelor of Laws was conferred until 1971 at the University of Yale, from that moment, all universities in the United States have been awarded the professional doctorate JD, which later became the standardized general level in most states to the bar exam required before practice of law. Many law schools became their basic degree programs in Law Bachelor of Law JD in the 1960s, and Bachelor of Law graduates receive retroactively permitted before the new doctorates returning his LL.B. in exchange for a JD. Graduates of Yale degree receiving LL.B. degrees before 1971 were allowed to change similar to a JD degree, although many do not take the option manner, preserving their LL.B. degrees.Historically, in Canada, a law graduate was the name of the first degree in common law, but is also the name of the first degree in Quebec civil law given by several universities in Quebec. Canadian law degree in common law programs were, in practice, the degrees of second professional input, meaning that the vast majority of those admitted to an LL.B. program were already hold one or more degrees, or, minimum (with few exceptions) have completed two years of study at a first input, degree in another discipline. Today Canada's first dominant customary law degree is the degree of Juris Doctor having replaced the LL.B.Law degree is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law (both of plural legal systems that are based in part on common law and partly on civil law) awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, respectively.

European Union law

European Union law is a set of treaties and laws, such as regulations and directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of the member states of the European Union. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives based on the Treaties. The European Union legislature is composed mainly by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which under the Treaties can set the secondary law to the objective set out in the Treaties.
European Union law is applied by the courts of the Member States and the European Court of Justice. Where the law of the Member States provide fewer rights European Union law can be applied by the courts of the Member States. In case of European Union law, which should have been transposed to the legislation of the Member States, such as Directives, the European Commission may appeal against the Member State under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice (part of the European Court of Justice is the highest court capable of interpreting the European Union law. Additional Sources of European Union law include the Court of Justice, international law and the general principles of EU law.

Graduate Diploma in Law CPE GDL law conversion course

The Professional / Graduate Diploma in Law (CPE / GDL) Joint Review is a postgraduate law course in England and Wales that no law graduates (graduates who have a degree in a discipline that is not legal or not taken law degree qualifying for legal practice) wishing to be either a lawyer or solicitor in England and Wales. Thus, the course enables students to turn lawless law later (there are exceptions for undergraduates in the circumstances) of the university; also commonly known as a "law conversion course." Regulated by the Law Regulation Authority, the course is designed as an intensive program which covers roughly the same content a Bachelor of Law Degree in Law (Honours) and the main goal is to allow people with a greater variety of educational backgrounds in the legal profession.
Most CPE courses awarded a diploma and thus often are titled Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL). Post-nominal common abbreviations include LL.Dip (Lex. Legis Diploma), PgDL (Postgraduate Diploma in Law) or Dip.Law (Diploma in Law).
The CPE is a (full-time) or two (part-time) long years, and candidates can proceed either the Legal Practice Course (LPC) for lawyers or Bar Vocational Training (BPTC) of lawyers. It is regulated by the Law Society of England and Wales admissions handled through the Central Applications Board.
Some law students studying for four years (instead of three years, although this is only for students taking a law degree in combination with the LPC, or whose courses include study abroad), so it is possible that while no law and law graduates starting the same year to finish while the CPE which provides the "foundations of legal knowledge."

Legal education

Legal education is the education of persons who intend to become lawyers or those who simply intend to use your law degree to an end, whether related to the law (such as political or academic) or business. Includes: First degrees in law, which can be studied both at undergraduate or postgraduate depending on the country. The professional courses that future lawyers are required to pass in some countries before they enter practice. Legal education applied by specific branches of law, such as business law, human resources and labor law, property law, family law, human rights and legal awareness, Tax Law and many more. Superior academics and doctoral degrees.

Bar Professional Training BPTC

The Bar Professional Training or BPTC (formerly known as professional golf Bar, or BVC) is a postgraduate course which allow graduated from being called and work as a lawyer in England and Wales. The eight institutes running the BPTC along with four prestigious law schools often collectively known as Bar School.

The BPTC is considered to be the most expensive in Europe legal tender. Currently, the BPTC rates are between £ 12,000 and £ 20,500. [

This academic stage is the first of three stages of legal education, the second is the professional stage and the third is the practice phase. Only those who have successfully completed the course and obtained the internship can be called and practice as a lawyer.

Aviation Act Aviation law

Aviation Act is the branch of law that flight, air transport and associated legal and business affairs are concerned. Some of your area of ​​interest overlaps the maritime law and, in many cases, laws aviation is considered a matter of international law due to the nature of air travel. However, the commercial aspects of the airlines and their regulation also fall under the law of aviation. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates applied aspects of flight. At the international level, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) establishes general media standards and international concerns to an extent on aviation law. ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations.
In the United States and most European nations, aviation law is considered a federal or statewide concern and is regulated at that level. In the US, states can not govern the affairs of aviation in most cases directly but look to federal laws and jurisprudence of this function instead. For example, a court recently overturned New York Passenger Bill of Rights Act because regulation of aviation is traditionally a federal concern. Aviation Act, however, is not in the United States held under the same federal mandate the jurisdiction and maritime law; ie the United States Constitution provides for the administration of admiralty, which does not provide such by the law of aviation. States and municipalities have some indirect regulation on aviation. For example, zoning laws can be applied to require an airport that is located away from residential areas and flights may be limited to certain times of day. State law product liability is not preempted by Federal and in most cases, aviation manufacturers can be held strictly liable for defects in aviation products.
Space law, which governs the affairs in outer space beyond Earth's atmosphere, is a new place field of law, but one that already has its own journals and academic support. As expected, both in space law is connected to the law of aviation.

Agricultural law

Farm bill, sometimes known as Ag Act deals with the law in agricultural infrastructure, seeds, water, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.; Law on Financing of Agriculture, the Agricultural Labour Act; agricultural marketing; Agricultural insurance, rights culture, land tenure and tenure system and law in agricultural processing and rural industry. With the implementation of modern technologies, such as credit issues, intellectual property, trade and trade-related agricultural products are covered in the scope of this law.

Computer law TI law

Computer law related to the overlapping areas of law and computer science.The first historically was law information technology (IT or law). ("TI law" should not be confused with the IT aspects of the law itself, although there are overlapping issues.) IT Act is the law (statutes, regulations and case law) that regulates digital broadcasting, both information (digitized) software itself (see history of free software and open source), and legal aspects of information technology more broadly. Act mainly covering digital information (including information security and electronic commerce) aspects and is described as "laws of paper" for a "paperless".Cyber ​​Law and Internet Law is a term that encompasses the legal aspects related to the use of the Internet. It is less a distinct field of intellectual property or contractual right, because it is a domain that encompasses many areas of law and regulation. Some of the main topics of internet access and use, privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction."Computer Law" is a third term tends to relate to issues that include both Internet law and aspects of patents and copyrights of computer technology and software.

Entertainment Law media law

Entertainment Law (or media law) is legal in the entertainment industry services. Entertainment Law overlaps with the law of intellectual property (especially trademarks, copyrights, and so-called "right of publicity"), but practicing entertainment law often involves issues of labor law, contract law , civil, labor law, bankruptcy law, immigration, securities lawyers, security interests, agency, right of privacy, defamation, advertising, criminal law, tax law, international law (private international law in particular), and insurance law.

Much of the work of an entertainment law firm transaction, ie, contract drafting, negotiation and mediation is based. Some situations may lead to litigation or arbitration

cruise missile guided missile

A cruise missile is a guided missile, most of whose flight path to your destination (based at sea or ashore target) is performed at an approximately constant rate that depends on the dynamic reaction of the air for elevation (strength), and propulsion forces to balance drag. Cruise missiles are designed to provide a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy circular error probable. Modern cruise missiles can travel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigation, and can fly in a non-ballistic very low altitude trajectory. They are distinct from aerial vehicles (UAVs) that are only used as weapons and not for aerial reconnaissance. In a cruise missile, the warhead is integrated into the vehicle, and the vehicle is always sacrificed in the mission.
Cruise missiles designs primarily derived from the German V-1 of the Second World War. Advances in transistor and computer technology have contributed to the design of avionics and aerospace AutoCorrect allowing guided missile in flight, rather than just at launch. These advances developed in guided missiles and guided bombs, and later in the modern cruise missile.

cruise ship cruise liner passenger ship

A cruise ship or cruise liner is a passenger ship used for pleasure trips, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way. Transportation is not the main purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their home port, so the ports of call are usually in a particular region of a continent. There are even "cruises to nowhere" or "trips to nowhere", where the ship makes round trips 2-3 hours without any ports of call.
By contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do "line outputs" and usually carry passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. Traditionally, a liner for the transoceanic trade will be built to a higher standard than a typical cruise, including high freeboard and stronger to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean, as the North Atlantic plates. Transatlantic also tend to have larger capacity fuel, food and other supplies for consumption on long journeys, compared with dedicated cruise.
Although often luxurious, ocean liners had characteristics that made them suitable for crossing, as the high fuel consumption, swallow that prevented them from entering the ports shallow, closed waterproof covers that were not appropriate for the tropical climate, and cabins designed to maximize the number of passengers rather than comfort (such as a high proportion of suites windows). The gradual evolution of ship design transatlantic passenger cruise passenger cabins has been passed from inside the hull superstructure with private terraces. Modern cruise ships, while sacrificing the qualities of seaworthiness, have added amenities that cater to tourists Water and recent vessels have been described as "floating condo balcony-laden"Cruise passengers at the port of Tallinn Tallinn, Estonia - a popular tourist destination
The distinction between cruise liners and has blurred, particularly with regard to implementation. Differences in the construction remain. The largest cruise ships have also been involved in longer trips, overseas travel as they may not return to the same port for months (long round trips). Some former operate as cruise liners such as Marco Polo. This number is decreasing. The only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a coating (to December 2013) is the Queen Mary 2 Cunard fleet. She also has the amenities of contemporary cruises and sees significant service on cruise ships.
Cruising has become an important part of the tourism industry, which represents US $ 29.4 billion with over 19 million passengers worldwide in 2011. The rapid growth of the industry has seen nine or more boats newly built catering to an American clientele added every year since 2001 and other European customer service. Smaller markets such as Asia-Pacific, are generally cleaned by older ships. These are displaced by new ships on the high growth areas.
Barco world's largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean International's Allure of the Seas banging her sister ship (Oasis of the Seas) by 5 centimeters.

International human rights law

The international law of human rights is the branch of international law designed to promote and protect human rights at the international, regional and national levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law consists mainly of treaties, agreements between states that have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed with them; and customary international law, rules of law derived from the consistent conduct of states acting out of the belief that the law requires them to act that way. Other international human rights instruments, while not legally binding contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international law of human rights and have been recognized as a source of political obligation.
Implementation of international human rights can occur either in a home regional or international level. States that ratify human rights treaties undertake to respect the rights and ensuring that their domestic law is consistent with international law. Where domestic law can not provide a remedy for human rights abuses, the parties may be able to use regional or international mechanisms to enforce human rights.
The relationship between international law of human rights and humanitarian law is disputed among scholars of international law. This debate is part of a wider debate on the fragmentation of international law. While scholars conceive pluralistic international law of human rights as a distinct system of international humanitarian law, constitutional approach advocates consider the latter as a subset of the former. In short, favoring separate, autonomous regimes emphasize the differences in implementation; IHL applies only during armed conflict. Moreover, a more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law is a function of international human rights law; including the general rules that apply to everyone at all times, as well as the special rules that apply to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (ie IHL) or certain groups of people , including refugees (eg the 1951 Refugee Convention), children (the Convention on the Rights of the Child), and Prisoners of War (Geneva Convention III 1949).

Banking law

Banking law covers many state and federal regulations governing financial institutions. Lawyers practicing in this area of ​​the law handle everything from customer disputes and complaints against a bank, complex litigation between national and foreign institutions, investors, government and elsewhere. However, most of the banking law attorneys are hired to provide advice on compliance. Banks may choose to keep your house counsel for this purpose, or seek the assistance of an independent law firm.
Given the large number of regulations that banks must meet, it is not surprising that its officers and directors seek legal advice before making important decisions. The Dodd-Frank Act, a measure of bank reform approved by the federal government in 2010, only contains over 1,500 separate provisions, including nearly 400 mandates of rules. Depending on where they were chartered and how they operate, banking institutions can be regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the System of the Federal Reserve ("Fed"), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC ), as well as state regulators.

Property law

The right to property is the area of ​​the law applicable to the various forms of ownership and possession of real property (land, unlike personal or movable possessions) and personal property, within the common law legal system. In the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property. Movable property roughly corresponds to personal property while the property corresponds to real estate or real property, and the rights and obligations associated with it.
The concept, idea or philosophy of property underlies all property law. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch and was delegated by the feudal land tenure or other feudal systems of loyalty and fidelity.
Although the Code Napoleon was one of the first acts of government in modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership in the statute, the protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law and jurisprudence, and more feudal forms in ordinary courts of medieval and modern England.

Criminal law

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. Social behavior is regulated and prescribes what is threatening, harmful, threatening the property, health, safety and moral welfare of the people. Includes the punishment of those who violate these laws. The criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, where the emphasis is more on conflict resolution and compensation of victims than punishment.

Constitutional law

Constitutional law is the body of law that defines the relationship of the different entities within a state, namely the executive, legislative and judicial.

Not all states have codified national constitutions, although these states have a jus commune, or law of the land, which may consist of a variety of mandatory and consensus standards. These may include customary law, conventions, statutory laws, judicial laws or international norms and standards.

Administrative law

Administrative law is the body of law governing the activities of administrative agencies of government. Action may include regulatory government agency, award or execution of a specific regulatory agenda. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. As a set of laws, administrative law deals with the decision of the administrative units of government (eg, tribunals, boards or commissions) that are part of a national plan of regulation in areas such as police law , international trade, manufacturing, environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration and transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the twentieth century, as legislative bodies around the world create more government agencies to regulate the increasingly complex social, economic and political spheres of human interaction.
The civil law countries often have specialized courts, administrative courts, which review these decisions.

Divorce Dissolution of Marriage

Divorce (or the dissolution of marriage) is the termination of a marital union, canceling and / or reorganization of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law in the country in particular and / or state.
Divorce should not be confused with the annulment, declaring the marriage null and void; legal separation (a legal process by which a married couple can formalize a de facto separation while still being legally married) or de facto separation (a process where the spouses leave informally partner). The reasons for divorce vary from inadequate sex, lack of independence, or a clash of personalities.
Divorce laws vary considerably around the world, but in most countries the permission of a court or other authority in a legal process is required. The legal process of divorce may also involve issues of alimony (spousal support), child custody, child visitation / access, parenting time, child support, distribution of property and division of debt. In most countries of monogamy is required by law, so that divorce allows each former partner marries another; where polygamy is legal, but not polyandry, divorce allows the woman to marry a new husband.
Divorce can be a stressful experience: affects finances, living arrangements, household chores, schedules, parenting and outcomes of children of the marriage and that each stage of childhood development face adulthood. If the family includes children, can be profoundly affected.
The only countries that do not allow divorce are the Philippines and the Vatican City, an ecclesiastical state, which has no divorce proceedings. The countries that have legalized divorce relatively recently are Italy (1970), Portugal (1975), Brazil (1977), Spain (1981), Argentina (1987), Paraguay (1991), Colombia (1991 * Ireland (1996) Chile (2004) and Malta (2011).

private prosecution

A private prosecution is a criminal proceeding initiated by an individual or private organization (eg a prosecution association) rather than by a prosecutor who represents the State. Private prosecutions are allowed in many jurisdictions the common order, but have become less frequent in modern times as most prosecutions are now handled by professional public prosecutors instead of individuals who retain (or they themselves) lawyers .

Civil law non-criminal law civil justice civil contempt

Civil law is a branch of law. In common law countries such as England, Wales and the United States, the term refers to non-criminal law. The law on civil and quasi-contracts evils is part of the civil law. The law of property is embraced by civil law. The civil law can, like criminal law, is divided into substantive and procedural law. The rights and duties of individuals together is the main concern of civil law. It is often suggested that civil proceedings are taken for the purpose of obtaining compensation for damages, and therefore can be distinguished from criminal proceedings whose purpose is to inflict punishment. However, punitive or exemplary damages may be awarded in civil proceedings. It was also soon to common informers to sue for a penalty in civil matters.
Because some courts have civil and criminal jurisdiction, civil proceedings can not be defined as those taken in the civil courts.  In the United States, the term "civil justice" is used as a "short form of courts in civil matters".
In England, the burden of proof in civil proceedings is generally a number of exceptions, such as committal proceedings for civil contempt, proof on a balance of probabilities. In civil cases in the Maldives, the burden of proof requires the plaintiff to convince the court of law by the applicant to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim or cause of action to recover.

Lawsuit suit in law legal disputes criminal trial litigation

A lawsuit (or very rarely litigation law ) is a civil action brought in a court in which the plaintiff, the party claims to have suffered losses as a result of the defendant's actions, demands a legal or equitable remedies . It requires the defendant to respond to the applicant's complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, the judgment is in favor of the plaintiff, and a variety of court orders can be issued to enforce a right, damages, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compelling a act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes.
A lawsuit may involve dispute resolution matters of private law between individuals, business entities and nonprofit organizations. An application may also allow the state to be treated as if it were a private party in a civil case, as plaintiff or defendant in connection with an injury, or it can provide the state with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws.
The behavior of an application is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and lawyers representing them are called litigants. The term may also refer disputes to criminal prosecution.

Precious Cars